Commas with names and titles, simplified

Ive recently received a handful of questions asking for clarification about rule governing the use of commas with names and titles. Of all the  comma rules tested on the SAT ® and ACT ®, this is probably the subtlest. The good news is that questions testing this rule dont  show up very often; the bad news is that if you dont know the rule, these questions can be very tricky  to answer. The other piece of good news, however, is that  when names/titles appear in the middle of a sentence (that is, not as the first or last words), these questions can almost always be correctly answered using a simple shortcut. And if you just want to know the rule for everyday use, the shortcut is effective in the real world as well. The first thing to know  is that there are generally only two correct options: two commas, one before and one after the name/title, or no commas at all. While a comma after the title may be correct on rare occasions (which dont concern us here), a comma only before a name or title is  wrong. If you learned in school that you should always put a comma before someones name, Im very sorry to inform you that your teacher was  mistaken. For example: Perhaps we shouldn’t give up on paper books just yet. One in particular, called The Drinkable Book, might be a lifesaver.  The  hardcover with sturdy pages infused with bacteria-killing silver nanoparticles is a patent-pending water purification system. The  creative mind behind the technology is chemistry student, Theresa Dankovich of McGill University in Montreal. A. NO CHANGE B. student Theresa Dankovich, C. student, Theresa Dankovich, D. student Theresa Dankovich Because our options are two commas and no commas, C and D are the only possible answers. Now, were going to work from the two-commas option. Why? Because two commas = non-essential clause, a clause that can be removed without affecting the essential meaning (grammatical and logical) of the sentence. The simplest way to test out whether the commas are necessary is to remove the clause from the sentence: Crossed out: The creative mind behind the technology is chemistry studentof McGill University in Montreal. No, this does not make sense. If the sentence does not make sense  in context without the name, then no commas are necessary. Got that? No sense = no commas. That eliminates C, leaving D as the correct answer. Now try something harder: On August 17th, the spacecraft, Cassini will make one last close flyby of Saturns pockmarked moon Dione to search for direct  evidence that the moon is geologically alive and active. Cassini, a collaboration between NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency, has been studying the Saturn system since 2004, and its grand mission will come to a close in  2017, after the spacecraft makes a series of dives through the space between the planet and its rings. (adapted from Scientific American) A. NO CHANGE B. spacecraft Cassini, C. spacecraft, Cassini, D. spacecraft Cassini Again, the easiest way to approach this question is to cross the name out and read the sentence without it. Crossed out: On August 17th, the spacecraftwill make one last close flyby of Saturns pockmarked moon Dione to search for direct evidence that the moon is geologically alive and active. Now be very, very careful. The sentence still works grammatically, but we do not know which spacecraft the sentence is referring to. As a result, the reference to Cassini in the following sentence no longer makes sense. The name is therefore essential, meaning that no commas should be used. Again, no sense = no commas.